Why do isotherms shift north & south from season to season?
An isotherm is an imaginary line drawn on a
weather chart or map to join places of equal temperature. Temperature varies
from season -as there is high temperature during summer & low temperature
during winter with minor changes during transitionary seasons. We know that
temperature is proportional to atmospheric pressure & inversely
proportional to density.
A.P.=K*D*T
T=A.P*1/D
where,A.P.=atmospheric
pressure;K=constant;D=density;T=temperature
During the summer season in either of the hemisphere's the sun is
vertically overhead of the tropic of cancer/capricorn.The land which has a low
specific heat capacity & also being a bad conductor of heat re-radiates the
heat to the atmosphere resulting in the spreading of molecules of atmospheric
gases due to the heat energy. As molecules spread over a wide region it's
pressure on the land becomes low resulting in high temperature inspite of
compressive force applied on them by gravity.
During winter season in
either of the hemisphere's the sun is not vertically overhead & the light
which reaches the hemisphere enjoying winter has to traverse a long distance
through the atmosphere as a result very little energy reaches the land .Hence,
heating of the atmosphere becomes a dismal & air molecules contract &
gets compressed due to lack of heat & overpowering of gravitational force
resulting in high pressure & low temperature. In the large waterbodies the
latent heat energy stored by the water is slowly being released resulting in
high temperature due to low pressure being caused due to breaking up of molecules.
Hence, pressure exerted is over a large area so it is small & temperature
is high. Moreover, the warm ocean currents on the polewards movement path keep
giving out sensible heat & latent heat to the immediate surroundings. thus,
decreasing atmospheric pressure & moderating temperature in higher
latitudes beyond 231/2(degrees)N-231/2(degrees)S.Insolation becomes more &
more slanting in higher latitudes which in turn effect the heating & coling
of land & sea. Thus, indirectly influencing isotherm shifts.
This is the reason why
isotherms bend polewards over in winter & equatorwards over the oceans in
summer. Over the landsurface the isotherms bend polewards over continents in
summer & equatorwards over continents in winter.
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