InsightsUnveiled

It's the most important single property identifying the chemical character of the soil.It not only controls the sorption & distribution of various cations bu soil colloids but also controls the release of bases from the exchange complex.The immediate & direct effects of PH within the range PH8-PH4.On plant growth are negligible ,given that all other environmental features are equal.there are many second-order effects which contribute to a correlation between plant performance & PH of soil.Soil PH helps in determining the following: 1) Soil toxicity indicator:- The most widespread   elemental toxicity is that of alluminium,which is toxic to many plants at concentrations >1ppm in soil water.Aluminosilicate lattices collapses progressively at low PH resulting in increasig activity of Al3+ ions (markedly below PH5) saturatig the base exchange system.Most metal toxicities are greatest at low PH.The substrate may remain sufficiently toxic to prevent plant growth ev

all aqueous solution contain hydrogen & hydroxyl ions respectively.When there are more hydrogen ions to the solution is acidic & viceversa.Acids produced in the soils go into solution.Once in contact with soil,the hydrogen ions are removed by exchange process.The A0-layer & A1-horizon are vast sources of hydrogen ions in the soil.There ions constantly bombard the bases of minerals & colloids,replace them 7 send them into solution.Colloidal solution is of nutral charge which implies that colloid particles are positive & dispersion medium is negative.This can be testified by the process of electrophoresis or cataphoresis. the minerals & colloid particles which are positively charged when in contact with hydroxyl ion combine with it to form colloid solution.                                                                                                                                                                                                         

It is said that in the future world whoever has the control of the largest reserve of fresh water will rule this Earth. Oil will no longer remain an important factor for World politics. Even a layman can see the signal. There are so many water purifier manufacturers -Kent, Aqua guard, Tata, Hindustan Unilever, etc. The companies comes up with new brand ambassadors and new advertisements. With so many companies on offer, customers are perplexed as to what to buy and from whom to buy. In most cases, I have seen that people fall for the brand whose sales representative has approached you first or has been able to make his first impression well enough. The very first advice is not to base your decision merely on the lip service of the marketing executive. It is an essential and important device and you are your best judge in this regard. what are the determining factors that one should be looking for while determining a water purifier model? Geography of the land and human settlemen

Weathering refers to the breakdown and disintegration and decomposition of rocks in situ through mechanical and chemical changes in rocks and their minerals affected by water,temperature,wind different  atmosphereic gasses etc. provided there is no large scale transport of weathered products by denudational processes except mass movement of rock wastes.           When the temperature of solid is increased/decreased it expands or contract.the commonly used index in weathering studies to record the degree of their response to temperature changes is called coefficient for linear thermal expansion. It is quite complicated for rocks, particularly at the mineral(crystal) scale. Individual crystals have varying coefficients. Even single crystal coefficients may vary with the direction of measurements. The formula for coefficients for linear thermal expansion is : moreover, the composition of a mineral surface is not the same as that of the bulk of the mineral, and also varies ac

Joints are small scale fractures that result when a rock shows brittle failure under the tensional/shearing stress. Rock cleavage consists of fractures along closely spaced parallel surfaces and is due to preferred orientation of platy minerals closely spaced parallel surfaces and is due to a preferred orientation of platy minerals such as mica, muscovite etc. Degree of cleavage depends upon the mineralogy of deforming rocks and on the magnitude  of applied stress. It influences weathering as it allows water to penetrate along the fractures, which are planes of mechanical weaknesses. Tensional stresses tend to produce joints that are open and provide zones of ready water movement. Shearing stresses tend to result in joints that are tightly closed and much less permeable. The openness of joints may be called 'thickness'.  Two other geometrical characteristics affect the response of jointed rocks:- 1) joint spacing expressed as average distance between the joints. The cl

chemical weathering is decomposition and disintegration of rocks due to chemical processes and reactions wherein the minerals of the rocks weather away.The rates of weathering due to chemical reactions are not well understood generally in thermodynamic aspects.then there is the effect of temperature on the yeilds,which can be predicted by using the Le chatelier's principles. the effect of a temperature increase on rection rates is to increase them.An approximte rule is that for every increase of 10(degree)Centigrade the reaction rate is doubled.The quantitative relation between temperature and wethering rate is governed by Arrhenius equation. The various reactions leading to weathering are as follows:- 1) Hydration:- It is an exothermic reaction.It does not involve reaction with water but on association between ions and water mollecules.Vo bnds are broken in this process.Indiavidual polar water moleculaes orient themselves to charged moneral surface in a way that one end of a

Wind blankets the sandy deserts and strips  hundreds of the millions of tonne of dust each year.It was more effective in the past(example:-Mesozoic era) than today.wind is more effective indeserts in the wetter environments not because it blows with greater strength in the former than in the latter but due to the separate reasons:- a)Dry surfaces;& b)sparse vegetation. a) Dry surfaces :- moisture and mobility- when the interstitial spaces between particle pores are saturated,loose surface particles are partially exposed to the drag and lift forces  of the wind.Surace cohesion holds the particles tightly which is maximum when the meniscues are tightly curved out  and they extend  over maximu grain surface .drying breaks meniscuses and cohesion teminates making surface particles  more  and more vulnerable to drag and lift forces of the wind.moisture  increases threshold of movement. rule-of thumb estimates choose 4% water content as limit to wind erodibility although Gold