formation of glacial trough,together with hanging valleys

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Glacial troughs are formed due to regional linear erosion within the ice sheets probably as a consequence of ice streaming and related fast moving but spatially restricted basal ice. Glaciated bed rock troughs have stepped longitudinal profile relatively few transverse sections while fjords have more than one bed rock sills or thresholds and the many traverse sections of the valleys. Geological control has a secondary influence upon trough orientation.
                      they are often described as U-shaped although their characteristic cross profile is not found everywhere, it has been suggested that for U-shaped trough formation the volume of ice moving through a glacial trough should be directly related to drainage or ice evacuation area up-ice of the trough. The U-shaped profile development is probably due to greater erosion not a t the valley base but at some distance laterally form the central lowest point thereby reducing overtime the elevation difference between the centre and the adjacent areas. The erosion of glacial trough occurs due to combination of abrasion, plucking and hydraulic erosion by debris-charged high pressure melt water.

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