InsightsUnveiled

Kegel karst is a German word and is one of the 3 subjects of the overall category of polygonal karst distinguished by Williams .It's a type of tropical karst.It is known for it's hemispheroidal and sinusoidal hills and star-shaped depressions.  Lehmann ,originally designated it.It is also corresponds largely to a cockpit country of Jamaica and Puerto Rico.there is relative relief of 30 - 120 m and a density of 15 - 30 Km. sq..The cone form is not the most characteristic feature of the area.                        Turm karst or tower karst is also a karst feature of tropics.It's formation is controlled by structures over the lithology and specific solutional processes.As per Balazs's observation they are steep sided residual rising like islands from the plain.they are 100 m - 300 m. high and runs 5-10 Km.sq. they are formed by engulfment of the surrounding areas by lakes than due to cave formation at the foot,this view is supported by McDonald,P.Smart et al.

Channel pattern mean the configuration of a river as it would appear from an airplane 3 patterns have been identified,one of which is the braided channel pattern.                            A braided channel or stream is one characterized by a network of interconnected converging and diverging channels resembling the stands of a bread.The whole river system is generally shallow,so that intervening single bars and alluvial materials are exposed at low waters.It is mainly due to non-coherence of load,which leads to selective deposition and the alluvial material is exposed at low waters.                           The development of braiding stream is a type of adjustment that a channel makes due to possession of debris load too large to be carried by a single channel.the development of this channel pattern requires steep slopes which contribute to sediment transport and bank erosion and are associated with heterogeneous coarse material.Coarser materials give increasing erosional at

There is a close relationship between braided stream and meanders.Example:-The ana branches of a braided stream definitely meanders.On the basis of the works by European engineers, Lelivesky(1955) concluded that meanders are the result of helical flow. Although this mechanism has been important but it isn't clear how helical flow is related to the width,curvature and length of the meanders.                                 According to Matthes ,bank cutting and orderly transfer of sediment to it's place of deposition on the point bars were simple requirements for the meandering Friendkin's concept is essentially identical.     A meander can't exist if the banks were unerodible or if they were completely unstable.The meander pattern of melt water channels on the surface of glaciers have nearly identical geometry to the meander bends in rivers yet these meandering channels on the ice are formed without any sediment load or point bar construction by sediment deposi

Drumlins   are roughly ovoid shaped hills of dominantly glacial debris that typically occur within groups or fields of several thousand.They exhibit very strong Enechelon long axis preferred orientation paralleling the main direction of ice flow.The classical drumlins have steeper stross-end slope  and tapered lee-side.Limited relationships appear between drumlins and topography.the topographic locations within which the drumlins are found are many and varied.Drumlins are composed of vast range of sediment types although previously it was thought to be exclusively formed of subglacial Till.Drumlin shapes vary enormously and may reflect post-depositional sub-aerial mass movement. At present 3 main drumlin forming hypothesis are present:- a) Formation by moulding of previously deposited material within a sub-glacial environment ,in which a limited amount of sub-glacial melt water activity occurs which influences moulding and deformational processes  produced by acting either as l

Cockpits are formed in humid tropical karst regions where simple closed depressions which have convexly inward lobed sides,making them star shaped,with gullies carrying streams after heavy rains are found.They are set among steep residual hills.                         Lehmann   gave an interpretation of the development of humid tropical karst evolution i.e., development of the 'cockpit country'.A prior planation is gently domed, tectonically which rejuvenated surface drainage,which produced ridges and valleys which align down the flank of the dome.This is followed by the development of vertical infiltration and underground drainage causing valleys to breakup into chains of star shaped closed depressions of surface solutional origin.thus,there is centripetal fluvial action supported by rainstorms of high intensity(eg.-New Guinea .The typical craggy slopes are covered with microgenic soils which is variable and accentuated by slash and burn gardening or farming technique or

Wind erosion is largely controlled and determined by- wind velocity,nature and amount of sands dusts and pebbles,composition of rocks,nature of vegetation,humidity,rainfall amount  and temperature.Wind erosion is believed to be defective only upto 182 cm. above the earth's surface.Maximum wind erosion occurs at a short distance above the ground,say at a height of 20-25cm. because here the wind velocity and sediment movement are moderate whereas at the ground sediment transport is high but velocity of transportation is low.At a height the velocity is high but quantity of sand available for abrasion is small.Due to their variable direction they erode rocks from all directions. There are erosional processes:- a) Deflation:-(derived from the Latin word 'deflatus' meaning blowing away) It includes removing,lifting and blowing away dry and loose particles of sands and dusts i.e., incoherent sediments,by wind.It is controlled by 3 factors:- 1) Surface soil's moistur

there are 3 processes of deposition (sedimentation,accretion and encroachment) as it is in case of erosion and transportation.Deposition of sand depends on the variations in wind speed,grain size and type,type of obstacle in the path of the wind(i.e.,trees,bushes,lakes etc).Sand is deposited on both windward and leeward side of the obstruction.Accumulated sand mounds on the either side of the obstruction are called sand shadows . sand drifts are sand accumulations between obstacles. there are 3 types of depositional landform in arid region.they are:- A)Sand ripples; B)Sand dunes; C)Loess. A) Sand ripples:- they are small scale depositional features of sand covering most dry,bare sandy surfaces in the deserts.Heights vary from 1cm. - 3cm.; windward slope angle between 8 degree and 13 degree and in extreme 25 degree.their summits are broadly convex with the lee faces having angles upto 30 degrees.some of them have either sharp or smooth brinks. there are 3 main hypothe